Hendry Legacy Notes: The Hendry family were Presbyterians and signers of the Confessions of Faith of the Church of Scotland. Thomas Sr. married Ann Miller in the Presbyterian Church and birth records for their children are there… Ulster Plantation *Origins of Scotch-Irish -Ancestors of Henry & Harper, and, the Church of Scotland, Presbyterianism.
Thomas Hendry (1720-1780), our immigrant ancestor was born in Northern Ireland, Ulster Plantation, Donegal.http://gray-adamsfamily.blogspot.com/2015/07/beginnings-hendry-surname.html |
The Confession of Faith of the Kirk of Scotland.
Subscribed By the Kings Majesty and his Household,
in the years of God 1580. Author: John Knox |
While the Parliament approved the Confession on 27 August 1560, acting outside the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh to do so, Mary, Queen of Scots, a Roman Catholic, refused to agree, and the Confession was not approved by the monarch until 1567, after Mary's overthrow. It remained the Confession of the Church of Scotland until it was superseded by the Westminster Confession of Faith on 27 August 1647. However, the confession itself begins by stating that the Parliament "ratifeit and apprevit [the confession] as wholesome and sound doctrine grounded upon the infallible truth of God's word"; thus, though changes within societies may have diminished its relevance, believers hold that the authority of its statements is rooted not in parliamentary approval but in, as it says, "the infallible truth of God's word". In 1967, it was included in the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.'s Book of Confessions alongside various other confessional standards, and remains in the current Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)'s Book of Confessions.
(Wikipedia) Definition, Kirk is a Scottish word meaning a church, or more specifically, the Church of Scotland. Many place names and personal names are derived from it.
The Church of Scotland - Westminster confession of faith.
The Westminster Confession of Faith asserts the real presence in the Sacrament, the supreme authority of God’s Word, and the catholicity of the Church, made distinctive by three characteristics: the true preaching of the Word, the right administration of the Sacraments, and discipline.
The Westminster Confession of 1647 superseded but did not cancel out the original Scots Confession of 1560, drawn up by six 'Johns': Knox, Willock, Winram, Spottiswoode, Row, and Douglas in supposedly six days, which was accepted by Presbyterians and Episcopalians alike.
The full Confession of Faith was agreed upon by the Assembly of Divines at Westminster and examined and approved in 1647 by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and ratified by Acts of Parliament in 1649 and 1690. http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about_us/our_faith/westminster_confession_of_faith
Religion in England
Between 1533 and 1540, the Tudor King Henry VIII took control of the English Church from Rome, the start of several decades of religious tension in England. English Catholics struggled in a society dominated by the newly separate and increasingly Protestant Church of England. Henry's daughter, Elizabeth I, responded to the growing religious divide by introducing the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, which required anyone appointed to a public or church office to swear allegiance to the monarch as head of the Church and state. The penalties for refusal were severe; fines were imposed for recusancy, and repeat offenders risked imprisonment and execution. Catholicism became marginalised, but despite the threat of torture or execution, priests continued to practise their faith in secret. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot
Ireland before the Plantation
Gaelic Ireland was a patchwork of independent kingdoms each ruled by a chieftain and bound by a common set of legal, social and religious traditions. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/
Flight of the Earls
The Flight of the Earls(Irish: Teitheadh na nIarlaí) took place on 14 September 1607, when Hugh Ó Neill of Tír Eóghain (Tyrone), Rory Ó Donnell of Tír Chonaill(Tyrconnell) and about ninety followers left Ireland for mainland Europe.
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| "Flight" commemorative sculpture in Rathmullan, County Donegal |
Background to the exile
After their defeat at the Battle of Kinsale in 1601, and the end of the Nine Years' War in Ulster in 1603, Tyrone and the Prince of Tyrconnell, Lord Tyrconnell's elder brother and predecessor, had been forced into exile in January 1602 by the victorious English government of Ireland under the leadership of the Lord Mountjoy. They retained their lands and titles, although with much diminished extent and authority. However, the countryside was laid bare in a campaign of destruction in 1602, and induced famine in 1603. O'Neill was pardoned under the terms of the Treaty of Mellifont in March 1603 and submitted to the crown...
In 1605 the new Lord Deputy of Ireland, Sir Arthur Chichester, began to encroach on the former freedoms of the two Earls and The Maguire… Chichester wanted to reduce O'Neill's authority. An option was to charge O'Neill with treason if he did not comply with the new arrangements. The discovery of the Gunpowder Plot in the same year made it harder for Catholics to appear loyal to both the crown and the papacy. As the Dublin administration sided with O Cathain, O'Neill was invited by King James to make his case in 1607 to the Privy Council in London, which he never did.
Fearing arrest, they chose to flee to the Continent, where they hoped to recruit an army for the invasion of Ireland with Spanish help. However, earlier in 1607 a Spanish fleet had been destroyed by the Dutch in the Battle of Gibraltar. Also as the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) had ended in 1604, King Philip III of Spain wanted to preserve the recent peace with England under its new Stuart dynasty. As a part of the peace proposals, a Spanish princess was to marry James' son Henry, though this never transpired. Tyrone ignored all these realities, remained in Italy, and persisted with his invasion plan until his death in exile in 1616.
End of the old Gaelic order
The earls left from the town of Rathmullan with some of the leading Gaelic families in Ulster; they traveled down Lough Swilly on a French ship. Their departure was the end of the old Gaelic order, in the sense that the earls were descended from Gaelic clan dynasties that had ruled their parts of Ulster for centuries. The Flight of the Earls was a watershed in Irish history, as the ancient Gaelic aristocracy of Ulster went into permanent exile. Despite their attachment to and importance in the Gaelic system, the Earls' ancestors had accepted their Earldoms from the English-run Kingdom of Ireland in the 1540s, under the policy of surrender and regrant. Some historians argue that their flight was forced upon them by the fallout from the Tudor conquest of Ireland, others that it was a strategic mistake that cleared the way for the Plantation of Ulster.
The attainders
King James issued "A Proclamation touching the Earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnell" on 15 November 1607, describing their action as treasonous, and therefore preparing the ground for the eventual forfeiture of their lands and titles. No reply was made to the proclamation.
Their titles were attainted in 1614, although they continued to be recognised on the Continent. It can be noted that the attainder of these titles in 1614—six years after Earl of Tyrconnell’s death in Rome in 1608—can hardly have been considered legitimate, at least in continental Catholic countries of the day. Even within the context of English and colonial Irish rule, the attainder came about six years after Rory, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, had already died. As accused, for him to have been properly tried, he should have been tried by his peers in the Peerage of Ireland, under the presiding authority of the Lord High Steward of Ireland. However, he was already dead, unable to stand in his own defence, and his title already inherited by his son Hugh “Albert” O'Donnell; therefore in order to attain the title, the trial would have to have been of Hugh “Albert”, who had in fact committed no crime. Under English legal theory the title had potentially lapsed as soon as he embarked on the ship without permission to leave Ireland, and when it lapsed it could not then pass to his descendants without some special waiver.
The attainder was therefore considered by his supporters as a travesty of justice and was considered null and void by many on the Continent. The succession of the Earl of Tyrconnell's son, Hugh “Albert” O'Donnell, as 2nd Earl of Tyrconnell (1st creation) was therefore recognized as valid abroad, not least in the Spanish realm.
These attainders had a much greater impact on the people of Ulster. The 1603 peace arrangement with the three lords was ended, as they had broken its conditions by leaving the kingdom without permission, and their remaining freehold lands were confiscated. Chichester proposed a new plantation of settlers from England, Wales and Scotland, sponsored in part by the City of London merchants, which became known as the Plantation of Ulster. This had an enormous negative impact on the lower class Gaelic-culture inhabitants of Ulster.
Change in Spanish policy
In the Papal bull Ilius of 1555, the Pope had conferred the title King of Ireland on King Philip II of Spain when he was married to Queen Mary. Philip II made no claim to the kingship of Ireland after Mary's death in 1558. He engaged in a lengthy war from 1585 with her sister Elizabeth I, and he and his successor Philip III supported the Irish Catholic rebels up to the siege of Kinsale in 1601. He had been offered the kingship in 1595 by O'Neill and his allies, but turned it down. Given this lengthy support it was reasonable for Tyrconnell and Tyrone to try to solicit help from Philip III, but Spanish policy was to maintain its recent (1604) peace with England, and its European fleet had been weakened from several conflicts, including with the Dutch over four months earlier. There are two possibilities at the time of the Flight:
- either the earls did not know that Spain was unable and unwilling to help, or
- they did know, and deceived their followers into thinking that a Spanish invasion would arrive within months.
The Ulster Plantation
As early as 1603, King James had granted confiscated lands in County Down to Scottish nobles James Hamilton and Hugh Montgomery. This is how the colonisation of Counties Antrim and Down by mostly Protestant lowland Scots began. It prepared the way for the later official plantation of Armagh, Coleraine, Cavan, Donegal, Fermanagh and Tyrone, an event known as the Plantation of Ulster. These counties were to be planted with Protestant Scottish and English settlers and the native Irish removed from the land completely.
Names of (Scottish surnames) Settlers/Planters, contained on Muster Rolls and Estate Maps of the eight Plantation Counties of Ulster for the period 1607-1633, which was the initial phase of the plantation scheme.
County Donegal *Henry & Harper, and, County Tyrone *Hendrie
The majority of Scots who migrated to Northern Ireland came as part of this organized settlement scheme of 1605-1697. Plantation settlements were confined to the Province of Old Ulster, in the Counties of Antrim, Down, Armagh, Tyrone, Donegal, Cavan, Fermanagh, and Londonderry. As many as 200,000 Scots crossed the North Channel to settle in Ulster in this approximately 90 year period. County Monaghan, although part of Old Ulster was not a Plantation county but it did receive Scots settlers in the 17th century as witness the First Monaghan Presbyterian Church in Monaghan Town which celebrated its Tercentenary in 1997. The Plantation of Ulster took place in two stages. The first stage was confined to the two eastern counties of Antrim and Down. The initiative was taken by Scottish fortune seekers.
Although the British Crown encouraged and co-operated with those responsible, it was fully a private venture. The second stage of settlement was far broader in scope, including six counties in Ulster. It was a project of the state, conceived, planned, and closely supervised by the British governments of England and Ireland. The plantations included settlers from England and Scotland, although Scots outnumbered those from England by a ratio of 20 to 1. The primary purpose of the plantation scheme was to populate the northern counties of Ireland with loyal British Protestant subjects, to counterbalance and dominate the Irish Roman Catholics. Scotland was only too willing to participate.
It was seen as a way to eradicate Scotland of the hordes of lowland Scots who in poverty had turned to a life of marauding and horse thievery, which had become an occupation in itself in the Scottish countryside. Hence in the early years of the Plantation, the majority of the settlers were mainly Lowlanders. Indeed, receiving landlords in Ireland encouraged the arriving Scots to bring as many horses and cattle as possible to the new colony, obtained by whatever means. Scotland found this a small price to pay to eliminate the larger problem.
DENIZATION
Prior to 1707, Scotland was a distinct Kingdom from England, governed by its own laws, with its own manners and customs. To ensure that the arriving Scots could be kept under control from rising up in Ireland in support of their brothers in Scotland, they were required to take an oath of loyalty to the British Crown, as 'denizens' in Ireland.
For Scots to become English subjects in Ireland, it was necessary to obtain letters patent of Denization, pay a fine and take the Oath of allegiance.
As a denizen, the planter occupied an intermediate position between an alien and a native born subject. He had the privilege of purchasing land, but heirs born before the date of denization could not inherit the land on the denizen's death. A denizen could use the law courts, but was not qualified to hold any office of trust, civil or military.
'Naturalization' was a second step in the process, which could only be applied for after seven years of denization. It placed the alien in the same position as if he had been born a British subject. All the obligations and rights of citizenship applied. those who refused denization were essentially without rights to property or law.
SCOTTISH SETTLEMENT OF COUNTIES ANTRIM & DOWN
The MacDonald clan from Scotland, who in addition to being mercenary soldiers in Ireland, settled much of County Antrim in the 1400s and gradually increased their holdings by strong-arm tactics. King James VI of Scotland had cultivated the Antrim MacDonald Chief, Sir Randal MacDonald, in order to deprive the rebellious MacDonalds of the Scottish Highlands of an obvious source of support, and to keep Irish power in the north of Ireland as weak as possible.
[Definition, Mercenary Soldier: a hired professional soldier who fights for any state or nation without regard to political interests or issues. From the earliest days of organized warfare until the development of political standing armies in the mid-17th century, governments frequently supplemented their military forces with mercenaries.
Following the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453), Europe was overrun with thousands of men who had been trained for nothing but fighting. During the 15th century “free companies” of Swiss, Italian, and German soldiers sold their services to various princes and dukes. These hired soldiers, often greedy, brutal, and undisciplined, were capable of deserting on the eve of battle, betraying their patrons, and plundering civilians. Much of their mutinous behaviour was the result of their employer’s unwillingness or inability to pay for their services. When rigid discipline, sustained by prompt payment, was enforced (as in the army of Maurice of Nassau), mercenaries could prove to be effective soldiers. Swiss soldiers were hired out on a large scale all over Europe by their own cantonal governments and enjoyed a high reputation. In 18th-century France the Swiss regiments were elite formations in the regular army.
Since the late 18th century, however, mercenaries have been, for the most part, individual soldiers of fortune. Since World War II they have won some prominence for their exploits in certain Third World countries, especially in Africa, where they were hired both by government and by antigovernment groups. http://www.britannica.com/topic/mercenary
On becoming King of England in 1603, James gave the MacDonalds patent to their land in Antrim. MacDonald, although a Roman Catholic, immediately began settling his lands with Lowlanders from Scotland, the first arriving in 1607. By 1630 there were 800 Scottish males living on the MacDonald estates in Antrim. This would have meant a total Scottish population of about 3,000. In County Down, the two leaders of the Scottish settlement were Hugh Montgomery, a Scottish laird from Braidstone in Ayreshire, and James Hamilton, who had begun his career in Ireland as a school teacher in Dublin in 1587. The terms of the crown's grant to these two Scots were specified in 1605, and included an obligation to inhabit the lands with Scots and Englishmen.
The planning and settlement was left entirely in the hands of Montgomery and Hamilton. The first Scottish settlers arrived in 1605-1606. Their first task was to build cottages and booths out of sods and saplings, then the soil was tilled. By 1630, there were about 2,700 Scottish males on these two estates in County Down, of which about 80% were names commonly found in the south-western counties of Scotland. When females and children are added to the total, there would have been about 5,000 Scots settled in Down in 1630.
THE OTHER SIX PLANTER COUNTIES
In 1610, the Crown developed an elaborate, detailed and rigidly controlled scheme for the settlement of Counties Armagh, Donegal, Cavan, Fermanagh, and Londonderry. Nine extensive areas in these six counties were assigned to Scots for plantation. These baronies, or precincts were then divided into lots of 1000, 1500, and 2000 acres, not including bogs and mountains. Those who received these lots were termed 'undertakers'. Over each barony was placed a Chief Undertaker, who was allowed to receive up to 3000 acres. Chief Undertakers were chosen by the King and included one Duke, one Earl, three Barons and four Knights.
Fifty ordinary Undertakers were then chosen by the Chiefs. All Undertakers were expected to be on their land by September 30, 1610. On every 1000 acres received, there had to be 24 able bodied Scots or Englishmen over families (to minimize old clan allegiances). Two of the families were to be freeholders; three were to be leaseholders, and the remainder could be cottagers. Undertakers had to be prepared to muster their tenants twice a year and to provide them with weapons.
They were to be called on to fight any insurrections of the Irish. Undertakers were given three and one half years to erect fortifications, the type determined by the size of the lot granted. Men of 2000 acres, for example, were required to build a small castle of stone or brick, with a stone wall surrounding it. All Undertakers had to post bonds, as a guarantee that they would comply with the conditions. Failure to comply resulted in forfeiture of the land. Reporting requirements resulted in the production of countless muster rolls and maps, some of which have survived. Because of surviving muster rolls and maps, the names of most of the original planters can be determined. By 1622, there were between 3000 and 4000 Scottish adults on the land in these six counties.
THE THIRD WAVE
After 1630, Scottish migration to Ireland waned for a decade. Indeed, in the 1630s, many Scots went home after King Charles forced the Prayer Book of the Church of England on the Church of Ireland, thus denying the Scots their form of worship. In 1638, an oath was imposed on the Scots in Ulster, 'The Black Oath', binding them on no account to take up arms against the King. Insulted twice, many returned to Scotland. Even worse, in October 1641, the native Irish broke out in armed rebellion, slaughtering defenceless men, women and children. The survivors rushed to the seaports and many went back to Scotland. In the summer of 1642, Ten thousand Scottish soldiers, many Highlanders, arrived to quell the Irish rebellion. Thousands stayed on in Ireland, replacing those who had departed thus expanding the Ulster gene pool to encompass families from all over Scotland.
Ulster Ancestry - A Sample of (Plantation Scottish)-Irish Family Names
Adams - Origins in Ulster: Irish and Plantation Scottish
Aiken, Aitken, Eakin, Eakins -Aiken is of Scottish Origin *variation of Etchison surname
Davidson (also Davison) -Origins in Ulster: Plantation Scottish) *Clan Davidson. *Perth / Perthshire
Fletcher - Origins in Ulster: Scottish Plantation *Ayr / Aryshire
Glossary
Plantation (Ulster): The redistribution of escheated lands after the defeat of the Ulster Gaelic lords and the 'Flight of the Earls' in 1607. Only counties Donegal, Derry, Tyrone, Armagh, Fermanagh and Cavan were actually 'planted', portions of land there being distributed to English and Scottish families on their lands and for the building of bawns.
Undertakers: Powerful English or Scottish landowners who undertook the plantation of British settlers on the lands they were granted.
Definition: [escheat: a common law doctrine which transfers the property of a person who dies without heirs to the crown or state. It serves to ensure that property is not left in “limbo” without recognized ownership. It originally applied to a number of situations where a legal interest in land was destroyed by operation of law, so that the ownership of the land reverted to the immediately superior feudal lord.
… All states require financial institutions, including brokerage firms, to report when personal property has been abandoned or unclaimed after a period of time specified by state law -often five years.]
Who gained what from the plantation?
The Ulster Plantation counties
Courtesy of the Ulster-Scots Agency
In 1609 a commission of officials escorted by an armed force toured West Ulster. They were accompanied by surveyors who drew up maps which divided the land into two types - church land and king's land. All church lands became the property of the protestant church or Trinity College, Dublin.
The king's land was divided into estates of 1,000 acres, 1,500 or 2,000 acres. Three kinds of people were given these estates:
- Undertakers: rich English and Scottish men who could afford to bring at least 10 families from England and Scotland. They were allowed to let the "native Irish" tenants farm their land. The rent for 1,000 acres = £5.33.
- Servitors: English soldiers and some officials who had served Queen Elizabeth or King James in Ireland. They could take on a maximum of five native Irish tenants. Rent for 1,000 acres = £98.
- The Deserving Irish: those who had not taken part in recent rebellions against the Crown. They, in turn, were allowed to have native Irish farmers on their land. Rent for 1,000 acres = £10.
Each undertaker and servitor had to agree to build defences; the standard was a bawn, or stone wall surrounding a courtyard. This was sufficient for a servitor. However, an undertaker with 1,5000 acres had to build a stone house inside the bawn; a settler with 2,000 acres had to also build a defensive tower. These buildings were intended as strongholds against any likely attacks and uprisings by the disgruntled native Irish. http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/history-of-ireland/the-ulster-plantation/who-gained-what-from-the-/
What is a Bawn?
The work “Bawn” is derived from two Gaelic words; “Ba”, Irish for cow (or cattle) and “Dhun”, meaning “fort”, translating roughly into “cow-fort” or “cattle-fort”
So the anglicized form of “badhun”, was “Bawn”. The Bawn was constructed by the English in Ulster was a defended courtyard with walls usually built of stone, but sometimes of brick, clay, timber and sod. They protected the house, the family, and property of the plantation’s principal landlord. The house could be free-standing in the center of the bawn or, as was the case at residence built by the Vinters’ Company at Bellaghy and by the Salters’ Company in Magnerafelt and Salterstwon, positioned up against one of the peripheral walls.
These walls usually met at small corner flankers, from which the entries to the complex could be adequately monitored and if necessary defended from the 'wild Irish,' who ... preferred to 'live like beasts, void of law and all good order,' being 'more uncivil, more uncleanly, more barbarous and more brutish in their customs and demeanors, then in any other part of the world that is known.'http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/yourplaceandmine/londonderry/A803459.shtml
Ulster Plantation - Donegal 1610-2010
The Scottish settlers came from Lanarkshire, Ayrshire, the Borders of the Lothians, James VI and I thought that his fellow countrymen would be excellent material for the plantation because they ‘are a middle temper, between the English tender breeding and the Irish rude breeding and are a great deal more likely to adventure to plant Ulster than the English.
However, because Scotland was incredibly poor compared to England and could not provide all the craftsmen, masons, carpenters and blacksmiths necessary to build new towns, new villages and fortifications, the Scottish settlers would need to be supplemented with English setters….
Civil and military servants of the crown in Ireland (servitors) were allowed to have Irish tenants, but could have lower rents if they settled the required number of 24 adult English and Lowland Scots per 1,000 acres. Successful applications for grants came from lists drawn up in London and Edinburgh.
Local recipients (‘deserving Irish’) were to pay higher rents and to abandon Gaelic methods of tillage, harvesting, and threshing.
Twenty-eight baronies or ‘precincts’ were established for English undertakers, eight for Scottish ones, and twelve for servitors and ‘deserving Irish’ jointly.
Land was also set aside for the financial support of the Church of Ireland, Trinity College, Dublin, and the ‘Royal’ schools...
Urbanisation
The native Irish were not urban dwellers and, as a result, early seventeenth-century Ulster had very few urban centers. However, towns and the creation of ‘an urban network’ were central to the Plantation project. Towns were to be centers of trade and commerce. Thus, Undertakers and servitors wanted them for profit and security. Towns were also to be centers for administration and locations for churches and schools. Government wanted them for administrative coherence and to serve a market economy...
New modes of agriculture
The native Irish were not great exponents of tillage and the Nine Years’ War provided no incentive to arable farming. Instead, they lived by creaghting or seasonal migration with their cattle. The native Irish were, in effect, ranchers who accompanied herds of cattle from one pasture to another, with never any more than a temporary shelter of sods for their own habitation. The English regarded the absence of hedgerows and fences and ‘ploughing by tail’ (the attaching of horses to ploughs by the hairs of their tails) as primitive and barbarous respectively. The planters introduced new crops, improved agricultural methods and better quality livestock...
In 1739 in a letter to Archbishop Wake of Canterbury... observed that the typical farmer in County Donegal ‘generally contents himself with no more land than is necessary to feed his family, which he diligently tills, and depends on the industry of his wife and daughters to pay by their spinning the rent, and lay up riches’. This suggests little more than subsistence farming rather (than) capital enterprise.
WHAT IS AN ULSTER-SCOT?
Ulster Scots is a term used primarily in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It refers to the Scots who migrated to the northern province of Ireland (Ulster) beginning about 1605. Although sometimes in North America they are referred to as ‘Scotch-Irish’ or ‘Ulster-Irish‘. All these terms most commonly refer to those Lowland and Border Scots who settled in the northern counties of Ireland during the Plantation scheme. However, there were Scots in Ireland as early as the l400s, such as the McDonalds of County Antrim. There was also a steady stream of Highland Scots migrating to the north of Ireland in the early 1800s as a result of the highland clearances in Scotland. It can therefore be considered that anyone whose ancestors migrated from Scotland to Ulster from 1400 onward is of Ulster-Scot descent. http://www.ulsterscotssociety.com/about.html
(Website) BBC - Wars and Conflict - The Plantation of Ulster.
The Burning Bush, symbol of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland (Ulster). It was not until 1642 that a separate Presbyterian Church was formed in Ireland.
Scotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) Americans are American descendants of Presbyterian and other Ulster Protestant Dissenters from the Irish province of Ulster who migrated to North America during the 18th and 19th centuries.
The term Scotch-Irish is used only in the United States, with people in Great Britain or Ireland who are of a similar ancestry identifying as Ulster Scots.
Religion: Protestant (Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist), Roman Catholic (small amount).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans
Why they left Northern Ireland (Ulster Plantations)
Early Presbyterians in America - and the Declaration of Independence
So began a new phase among the Ulster-Scots settlers in America in which some 300,000 discontented Presbyterians from Ulster settled in the New World between 1717 and 1776.
The early years of the 18th century was one of continuous physical disaster that impacted the already struggling farmers who were having problems with tenancies. Many tenancies were for two or three lives thus by the early 18C the tenancies of the Plantation settlers were subject of review, while any renewal invariably meant a substantial increase in rents This description from Ulster Sails West by William F. Marshall. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. 1950. pg 10-11: sets out the dreadful state of affairs.
"It is not, however, contended here that religious intolerance was the only factor or even the only important factor leading to emigration. There were six years of drought between 1714 and 1719. There was disease that caused a high death-rate in sheep in 1716. There was an outbreak of small-pox in 1718. There was a scarcity of silver and copper coin that hampered trade. The woollen industry had languished, and the linen trade was not flourishing. There were three bad harvests in 1725, 1726, and 1727, that in 1728 the price of food was higher than in living memory and the minister of Templepatrick declared that there was not seed enough to sow the ground. There was the great frost in 1739, followed by famine and disease, and Gordon states that in 1740 the mortality caused by scanty and improper food was very high. There was a failure of the potato crop in 1756-7. Then there were the very high rents the consequent increase in tithes...."
Another important factor was that increased rents also meant increased tithes (usually related to the value of the land which they had improved) which were paid to the Church of Ireland, much to the chagrin of the Presbyterian farmers.
The tide of migrants to America gathered strength from about 1729 and by the second quarter of the eighteenth century it is estimated that some 12,000 people annually left Ulster`s shore.
King James IV and I *ruled England, Scotland and Ireland
James VI and I (6/19/1566-3/27/1625) was King of Scotland.
James VI (7/24/1567) and King of England and Ireland
James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 3/24/1603 until his death.
He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known as the Jacobean era after him, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617, and styled himself "King of Great Britain and Ireland". He was a major advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonisation of the Americas began.
Jacobean era
The Jacobean era refers to the period in English and Scottish history that coincides with the reign of James VI of Scotland (1567–1625), who also inherited the crown of England in 1603 as James I. The Jacobean era succeeds the Elizabethan era and precedes the Caroline era, and specifically denotes a style of architecture,visual arts,decorative arts, and literature that is predominant of that period.
The practical if not formal unification of England and Scotland under one ruler was an important shift of order for both nations, and would shape their existence to the present day. Another development of crucial significance was the foundation of the first British colonies on the North American continent, at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, in Newfoundland in 1610, and at Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620, which laid the foundation for future British settlement and the eventual formation of both Canada and the United States of America. In 1609 the Parliament of Scotland began the Plantation of Ulster.
The most notorious event of James' reign occurred on 5 November 1605. On that date, a group of English Catholics (the most famous, in later generations, being Guy Fawkes) attempted to blow up the King and Parliament in the Palace of Westminster. However, the Gunpowder Plot was exposed and prevented, and the convicted plotters were hanged, drawn, and quartered.
The marriage of James' daughter Princess Elizabeth to Frederick V, Elector Palatine on 14 February 1613 was more than the social event of the era; the couple's union had important political and military implications. Frederick and Elizabeth's election as King and Queen of Bohemia in 1619, and the conflict that resulted, marked the beginning of the disastrous Thirty Years' War. King James' determination to avoid involvement in the continental conflict, even during the "war fever" of 1623, appears in retrospect as one of the most significant, and most positive, aspects of his reign.
Before their Bohemian adventure, Elizabeth and Frederick were the focus of an outburst of romantic idealism. Even after the negative turn in their fortunes, the couple were the centre of an intellectual circle that involved significant figures like Comenius and Samuel Hartlib, who would in time have positive impacts on English society. Elizabeth and Frederick are also the ancestors of all British monarchs since 1714, through their daughter, Sophia of Hanover, due to the Protestant descendants of Elizabeth's brother, Charles I, becoming extinct with the death of Queen Anne. (The Catholic descendants were barred from the throne by the Act of Settlement, which remains in force to this day, and the would-have-been monarchs are known as the Jacobite Pretenders).
Etymology
The word "Jacobean" is derived from Modern Latin Jacobaeus from Jacobus, the Ecclesiastical Latin form of the English name James, the name of King James VI of Scotland, who was also King James I of England. The English name James originated from Middle English, from the French Gemmes, the vernacular form of the Late Latin Jacomus, which was altered from the Latin Jacobus due to a similarity in the pronunciation of "m" and "b". The Latin name Jacobus was transliterated from the Greek name Iakobos (Ιακωβος), which is the Hellenized version of the Hebrew name Jacob. In Hebrew, Jacob (Ya'aqobh, or יעקב) means Supplanter, and comes from the Hebrew verb aqab (עקב) which means to take by the heel, assail, circumvent, or supplant.
Emergence of tobacco
In the domain of customs, manners, and everyday life, the Jacobean era saw a sweeping change with the growing prevalence of tobacco use. James I published his A Counterblaste to Tobacco in 1604, but the book had no discernible effect; by 1612, London had 7000 tobacconists and smoking houses. The Virginia colony survived because the English acquired the nicotine habit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobean_era
Understanding the continuing conflict in Northern Ireland between the Unionists (mainly Protestant, with a sense of “Britishness”) and Irish Nationalists (mainly Catholic).
New politico-historical allegiance
As was the intention, the plantation introduced a strong and vigorous element into County Donegal’s population which was firmly attached to the British connection. This is not to suggest that these people did not develop a strong love and deep affection for Ireland. Quite the contrary, but these people were patriots who did not subscribe to the narrow tenets of Irish nationalism...
Unionism, however, remained the dominant ideology among most of the descendants of Donegal planters well into the twentieth century. Almost 18,000 men and women signed the Ulster Covenant and the parallel Women’s Declaration in County Donegal on 28 September 1912. In the General Election of 1918 Major R.L. Moore, the Unionist candidate in East Donegal, polled 38.5% of the valid vote.
Rathneeny (First Donegal) Presbyterian Church. Presbyterianism has deep roots in County Donegal. There has been a Presbyterian meeting house on this site since the late seventeenth century, although the current church was built in 1801. In 1674 Revd William Henry was appointed to this congregation. Revd Thomas Craighead, a Scot and the congregation’s second minister, emigrated to America in 1715. His son, the Revd Alexander Craighead was an influential patriot preacher, and is widely regarded as the spiritual father of the Mecklenburg Declaration of 1775, which anticipated the American Declaration of Independence of 1776. http://ulster-scots.com/uploads/USCNDonegal400.pdf
Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg_Declaration_of_Independence
Unionism
Irish unionism is often centred on an identification with Protestantism, especially in the sense of Britishness, although not necessarily to the exclusion of a sense of Irishness or of an affinity to Northern Ireland specifically. Unionism emerged as a unified force in opposition to William Ewart Gladstone's Home Rule Bill of 1886. Irish nationalists believed in separation from Great Britain, whether through repeal of the 1800 Act of Union, "home rule", or complete independence. Unionists believed in maintaining and deepening the relationship between the various nations of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. They expressed pride in symbols of Britishness.
A key symbol for unionists is the Union Flag. Unionist areas of Northern Ireland often display this and other symbols to show the loyalty and sense of identity of the community. Unionism is also known for its allegiance to the person of the British monarch, both historically and today.
Religion
Historically, most unionists in Ireland have been Protestants and most nationalists have been Catholics, and this remains the case. However, a significant number of Protestants have adhered to the nationalist cause, and likewise with Catholics and unionism. These phenomena continue to exist in Northern Ireland.
Both unionism and nationalism have had sectarian and anti-sectarian elements. While nationalism has had a number of Protestant leaders (for instance, Henry Grattan, Theobald Wolfe Tone, Charles Stewart Parnell, Douglas Hyde, and Ivor Bell), unionism was invariably always led by Protestant leaders and politicians. After a decades-long ban, Catholics were once more permitted to join the UUP [Ulster Unionist Party] in the 1960s but their continued dearth, particularly among the leadership, meant the UUP were still vulnerable to accusations of sectarianism. Only one Catholic, G. B. Newe, served in the Government of Northern Ireland (Newe was specially recruited to boost cross-community relations in the last UUP government in the 1970s). Catholics had been allowed to be members of the UUP as recently as the 1920s, and included Sir Denis Henry (the first Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland), who was a member of the UUP from its foundation in 1905 and was a UUP MP for South Londonderry. UUP leader and Nobel Peace Prize-winner David Trimble suggested that Northern Ireland had been a "cold house" for Catholics in the past.
Terminology - Unionists and loyalists
People espousing unionist beliefs are sometimes referred to as loyalists. The two words are sometimes used interchangeably, but the latter is more often associated with particularly hardline forms of unionism. In some cases it has been associated with individual or groups who support or engage in violence. Most unionists do not describe themselves as loyalists. In Irish, the terms aontachtóir (from aontacht, "union") and dílseoir (from dílis, "loyal") are used.
Unionism has traditionally been associated with strong loyalty to the British monarchy. Four members of the current Royal Family hold titles with roots in Northern Ireland: the Duke of York (Baron Killyleagh), the Earl of Ulster, the Duke of Kent (Baron Downpatrick) and the Duke of Cambridge (Baron Carrickfergus). Older Irish royal titles included Lord of Ireland, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Earl of Athlone and Baron Arklow. The Queen is still technically Sovereign of the Order of St. Patrick, the highest Irish order of chivalry, and the Norroy and Ulster King of Arms is an officer in the College of Arms in London.
History post-1801
Division between Catholic and Protestant in Ireland pre-dates the conflict over the Union. To some extent, these can be traced back to the wars of religion, land and power arising out the 16th and 17th century Plantations of Ireland. In the 18th century, Ireland was ruled by a Protestant-only Irish Parliament, autonomous in some respects from Britain. Catholics and Presbyterians were denied full political and economic rights under the Penal Laws. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland
Future Research - Reading List
Church of Scotland, Founder John Knox, Origin 1560. Separated from Roman Catholic Church. Absorbed United Free Church of Scotland. Separations: Scottish Episcopal Church (definitive separation 1689). Free Church of Scotland (1843).
(opc) The Orthodox Presbyterian Church
When the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America was formed in 1788, it adopted the Westminster standards, as containing the system of doctrine taught in the Holy Scriptures.
The Scots Confession
The Scottish Parliament, having declared Scotland a Protestant nation, asked the clergy to frame a confession of faith… John Knox. A.D. 1560, Table of Contents. Chapter 1 God. 2 The Creation of Man. 3 Original Sin.
Note: I’m interested in reading more…
Buy the eBook
Ulster Sails West by William F. Marshall. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. 1950. pg 10-11: sets out the dreadful state of affairs.
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=9LwpJ6vDsdMC&rdid=book-9LwpJ6vDsdMC&rdot=1&source=gbs_vpt_read&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewportxxx
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